The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Influenza Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Influenza activity was reported to be below the seasonal levels during the Coronavirus disease?2019 (COVID?19) pandemic globally. However, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus?2 outbreak, the routine real?time surveillance of influenza?like illness and acute respiratory infection was adversely affected due to the changes in priorities, economic constraints, repurposing of hospitals for COVID care, and closure of outpatient services. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to assess the pooled proportion of symptomatic cases tested for influenza virus before the current pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020/21. An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar was carried out for the articles reporting the impact of the COVID?19 pandemic on influenza surveillance among humans using search terms. The study was designed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and the meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the pooled proportion of patients sampled for influenza with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The nine qualified studies from the WHO European region, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain, South Africa, and the United States were pooled by random?effects meta?analysis. The overall pooled proportion of symptomatic cases sampled for influenza surveillance before and during the pandemic was 2.38% (95% CI 2.08%–2.67%) and 4.18% (95% CI 3.8%–4.52%), respectively. However, the pooled proportion of samples tested for influenza before the pandemic was 0.69% (95% CI 0.45%–0.92%) and during the pandemic was 0.48% (95% CI 0.28%–0.68%) when studies from Canada were excluded. Conclusion: The meta-analysis concludes that globally there was a decline in influenza surveillance during the COVID?19 pandemic except in Canada.

Papilloma of lip associated with human papilloma viruses‑32 infection in a child.

Squamous papilloma is the most common benign oral epithelial lesion, and it is well known to be associated with human papilloma virus 6 and 11. Here, we report a case of squamous papilloma associated with human papilloma viruses (HPV)‑32 in a 4‑year‑old boy who presented with a verrucous lesion on the lower lip. HPV‑32 is often associated with a rare benign condition focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH). A limited number of lesions and the absence of characteristic histology ruled out FEH in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, the association of oral squamous papilloma with HPV‑32 is hitherto unreported.